THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN IRAN

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Health care system in IRAN is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare.

Under this ministry, Director General of the Food and Drug Admin. Is responsible for the government’s health centers and hospitals and controls other public hospitals.� The private hospitals, and clinics health centers are having their own managers but the M.O.H. inspects them frequently. Majority of the population are under public health care (social security insurance).

Health care is also available through private centers (hospitals, clinics) including insurance schemes. Public hospitals private outpatient� care as well as private Centers.

Doctors practice in hospitals and clinics from 8 A. M. to 1 P.M. they visit the patients in their private offices from 4 P.M. to 8 P.M. 5 days a week. Members of the� insurance schemes pay a proportion of prescriptions and hospitals expenses. All government employees, government subsidiaries, factory workers. As well as most privet firms holds social security insurance which they pay only 30% of the health care expenses.

IRAN has more than 1700 hospital and clinic all over the country. There are more than 5000 pharmacy and drugstore that operating around the globes.

Some 65.000 doctors practicing in hospitals, clinics and private offices.

The Biggest Hospital of Tokushukai Corporation Is in Sofia

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"Tokuda Hospital Sofia is the biggest among the sixty-five hospitals of the Japan-seated Tokushukai Medical Corporation and is also the first one outside Japan. This is a pilot project; another two hundred such hospitals are to be built in different places across the world.
"Our ambition is that the Tokuda Hospital Sofia be recognized as a university hospital," Dr. Rossen Panov, director of the hospital told Standart.
The Japanese architect has planned a lecture hall seating two hundred and several libraries.
Hazama Corporation is the chief executor of the project.
The hospital will also have a heliport directly connected with the Intensive Care Unit and the emergency rooms.

Kyorin University Hospital

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Kyorin University Hospital, which is one of the eighty-two “Special Functioning Hospitals” in Japan, plays a crucial role as the only university hospital and largest medical center in the Tama District of greater Tokyo. The hospital has 1,153 beds and is characterized with its "base-isolated" buildings that are immune to earthquakes: its out-patient building was the first base-isolated building for a university hospital in Japan when it was built. Not only providing the best possible medical services to individual patients, the Hospital provides various educational programs for students belonging to the Department of Medicine, and Departments in the Faculty of Health Sciences. The average number of outpatients per day at the Hospital is 2,169 (excluding emergency patients), and the number of in-patients is 824 (as reported in 2005). Further, the Hospital gives advanced medical treatment to about 2,000 seriously injured patients per year.

Health care in Asmara

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Eritrean achievements in the area of health care is impressive. Medical care is improving rapidly in Eritrea, new hospitals and health centers are opened every year. Modern facilities may not always available outside Asmara.

Qualifications of a drugstore owner are not always clear. In case of doubt consult a doctor. Basic non-prescription medicines are available in Asmara, but the selection is not large. Supplies of medicine can be irregular. Visitors should bring a supply of any necessary drugs and prescriptions. The pharmacy with the widest selection of medicine is Pharmacy No1 near the central post office of Asmara.

Tampons are not always available and the sanitary napkins often are of poor quality. It is advisable to bring your own supply.

The Orota Referral Hospital constructed in cooperation with the
Peoples’ Republic of China (2003). The hospital has 200 beds
and gives medical services to people from all over Eritrea with
critical condition. The hospital also employs foreign and local
specialists for complex surgeries and coordinates the various
hospitals in Asmara such as the pediatrics hospital, maternity
hospital, Berhan Aini Eye hospital, St. Mary hospital and others.
It is fully computerized and hosts the National Health Library.

Sembel hospital (1998) - Sembel Housing Complex Asmara.

Hospitem - Ospedale Italiano Ente Morale (Italian Hospital) Asmara
tel +2911 12.18.77 - 12.41.78

Health Centers in Asmara deal with vaccinations, wound dressing,
anti-conception, ante-natal care and minor ailments and surgery.

Mekane Hiwet Hospital - Life Street Asmara Eritrea.

Under the Italian colonial rule it was known as "Regina Elena
Hospital". Under the rule of Haile Selassie it was known as
"Itega Menen", which was the name of Haile Selassies wife.

tel +2911 12.77.62

Edaga Hamus Hospital and Health Center Asmara.

Ghenet Drugstore in Menelik Street Asmara.

Interior of No 1 pharmacy Asmara (near the post office).

China PLA General Hospital

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The China PLA General Hospital was formerly the second clinical institute affiliated to Peking Union Medical College, which was changed in October, 1953 into “Hospital directly affiliated to the military commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In July, 1954, it was renamed as the 301 Hospital of the PLA. In June, 1957, the Department of Defense mandated to cancel the appellation of “301 Hospital”, while appointing the name of “the China PLA General Hospital”. PLA Postgraduate Medical School was constructed with support from the China PLA General Hospital. It was founded in November, 1958 and closed down in 1962, and in June, 1979, it was restored with approval from the military commission . In September, 1986, it was formally listed among the universities and colleges of the whole army, with a authorization number. In 2004, the 304 Hospital and 309 Hospital of the PLA were renamed respectively as the 304 and 309 Clinical Branches, and publicly referred to as the First and the Second Hospitals affiliated to the China PLA General Hospital, meanwhile listed into the compilation sequence of the China PLA General Hospital.

2.Profile

The China PLA General Hospital is the largest comprehensive hospital in the army, integrating clinical treatment, health care, education and research functions. As a major heal care center in China, it is responsible for medical treatment and health care in the central authorities, the military commission and the Health Department of General Logistics Department of the PLA. It treats confusing and difficult disease for each kind of army in all military regions and also treat local patients outside the army.

The Hospital has in all more than 4000 designated beds, of which over 2200 distributed in the headquarters, and more than 900 in the 304 and 309 Clinical Branches. There are totally 150 clinical medical and medical technical departments, among which there are 10 specialized medical centers of the PLA, including the ENT department, the department of orthopedics, the department of cardiovascular internal medicine and surgery, the department of neurology and neurosurgery、the department of ophthalmology, the department of endocrinology, the department of renal diseases, the department of gerontology, the department of medical imaging and the department of nursing, and 7 key laboratories of the PLA for the researches into deafness, cardiovascular diseases of the elderly, endocrinology and renal diseases etc. In addition, there are still 16 medical institutes of the PLA. Notably, the ENT-Head & Neck surgery, orthopedics and gerontology of the hospital are key national disciplines.

The hospital is equipped with globally advanced medical and research instruments, such as PET, 8 distinct MRI machines including 3.0T,9 spiral scanning CT machines including 64-slice ones、3 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripters (ESWL),6 DSA including the 3100-type, 15 Color Doppler超声检查仪, linear accelerator for medical treatment, X knives, electron mirrors, ECT, laser focusing microscopes, FCM and excimer laser systems etc, whose values amount to over RMB 1.2 billion yuan. The rich technical sources and advanced diagnosis and treatment methods have highly elevated the technical levels and the medical service quality. The coincidence rate of preliminary clinical diagnosis and accurate diagnosis has reached 99.36%, the rate of success of emergency treatment 90.48% and the ratio of effective treatment 97.93%. The yearly outpatients are 2.5 million person-times while the inpatients are over 80 thousand, with 40 thousand or so operations accomplished. Nevertheless, the hospital initiates 250 new services, new techniques each year, which with distinct technical peculiarity and advantages conduce to the effective treatment of many difficult and complicated cases, resulting in the success of complex operations and emergency treatment. Some of these curative techniques are of advanced world standard.

The hospital is located in the 28th Yard, Fuxing Road, Beijing, occupying 1,032,273 square meters with a building area of 252,900 square meters.

3. The Disciplinary construction

The hospital, rich in technical sources, has 3600 professional technical technicians among which there are more than 1000 who are senior technicians, 5 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and 3 “Contemporary masters”, 2 “Bole”, 6 “technological silver stars”, 2 “new technological stars”, all of which awarded by the general logistic department. Not only are there some learned, accomplished and globally renowned senior experts, but also groups of experienced, high-level middle-aged technicians who are of outstanding specialized knowledge. Meanwhile young pioneering intellectuals endowed with profound theories have emerged in the specialized technical field.

Based on further medical education, PLA Postgraduate Medical School is a new college focusing on education for postgraduates in clinical medicine. It is among the first group of organizations approved by the Evaluation Committee of Academic Degree of the State Council that are authorized to confer doctor and master degrees and devotes itself in cultivating high-level clinical talents. In 1996, it was qualified to hold a post-doctoral station for clinical medicine, and In 2000, a post-doctoral station for stomatology. In 1998, it was authorized to open an experimental center for the education for candidates for master and doctor degrees. There are in the School now 19 majors in 10 disciplines qualified to receive candidates for doctor degree and 33 majors in 33 disciplines qualified to receive candidates for master degree. There are now 89 doctoral tutors and 160 master tutors. Every year over 200 postgraduates are registered, in addition to over 1000 students for further education, more than 200 interns.

The Hospital is equipped with qualified conditions for scientific researches. Every year, it assumes more than 200 research projects for the government and the military. Since 1980, it has won more than 1000 scientific and technological awards from the government and the military. It publishes over 1600 papers each year. The Academic Journal of PLA Postgraduate Medical School organized by the hospital, the Chinese Journal of Nosocomiology, the Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Chinese Journal of Medical Imaging Technology, and the Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery edited by the hospital are rated as the national core journals.

The Hospital develops comprehensive academic communication and cooperation and technical cooperation with medical schools and medial organizations from more than 60 nations and regions. There are yearly more than 400 technicians of the hospital going abroad for further education or technical cooperation and 400 foreign experts visit the Hospital deliver lectures. It has also employed more than 180 famous foreign experts as honorary professors and technical advisors.

4. Major Accomplishments

After 50 years of construction, the hospital has already grown renowned domestically and abroad, for its concentration of technicians, clinical comprehensiveness, advanced equipments and generally high-level medical treatment. The hospital has been rated as a “ Hospital of the First-class in Grade Three ‘by the Health Department of General Logistics Department, assessed as an “Exemplar Kid-nursing Hospital” by The United Nations Children Foundation, the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health. Moreover, it is the technique center for family planning and prenatal and postnatal care. The hospital never deviates from its devoted service for the army, ensuring the priority of the military patients in their therapy and hospitalization. It has been rated in ten consecutive years as the advanced hospital serving the PLA.

The Party Central Committee, the State Council, the military commission of the Central Committee and the principals in the army are much concerned about the hospital with high expectation. On July, 7th, 1992, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, Chairman Jiang Zemin presented an inscription to the Hospital, in the words of “Construct the first-class general hospital for the PLA, and serve to improve the battle effectiveness of the army”. Later he inscribed the name of the hospital and the name of the hospital newspaper, which exhibit great concern and encouragement for the development of the hospital. The staff in the hospital, bearing the mission and request in the heart, always conform to the patient-centered and security-first service concept, with due respect for the work, ardent services, constant refining practices and innovative spirit, and will seek to shape the Hospital to be a word-class academic hospital, which will neglect neither the medical ethics nor the medical techniques, but rather produce both intellectual talents and agreeable accomplishments, and will keep tightly intertwine the subjects in science, technology and medicine, and harmonize the development of medical treatment, teaching, and researches.

The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine

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The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (ZUCH), initially established in 1951, is the largest comprehensive center for pediatric health care in Zhejiang Province. It is located by the side of the picturesque West Lake in Hangzhou occupying an area of 18,800 square meters. The hospital has 20 inpatient wards with a total capacity of 800 beds. The annual outpatient visits sum up to more than 1,000,000 and emergency room visits nearly 200,000. The survival rate for ER patients is 99%. The annual inpatient visits is nearly 30,000. The hospital employs 1125 staff members, including 172 professors or associate professors, 291 lecturers, junior attending or mid-level professionals.

The hospital has been actively involved in the fields of pediatric medical care, medical training, teaching, research and preventive health care. Several provincial prevention and treatment centres have been set up in the hospital, including the Centre of Neonatal Disease Prevention and Treatment, the Centre of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment, the Centre of Metabolic Disease Screening, the Diagnostic Centre of Genetic Diseases and the Hearing Test Centre.

The hospital runs with the clinical department, ancillary department, functional department and other departments. The clinical department includes pediatrics, pediatric surgery, neonatology and a center for preventive pediatric health care, with the following sub-divisions: pulmonology, cardiovasology, gastroenterology, hematology/oncology, neurology, nephrology, endocrinology; general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, orthopedics, plastic surgery, neurosurgery, urology, surgical intensive care units; neonatology, neonatal intensive care unit. The center for preventive pediatric health care includes the pediatric health care clinic (services like pediatric development, psychology, nutrition, pediatric gynecology, and health education), pediatric disease screening and rehabilitation medicine clinics. Other clinical clinics include emergency medicine, dermatology, stomatology, ophthalmology, ENT, and traditional Chinese medicine. The ancillary department includes pharmacology, laboratory examination clinic, radiology, operation, anaesthesia, special examination (ultrasound, ECG, EEG and physical therapy), lab center, pathology, ect.

The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) was established in 1983 with the support of Project Hope. The NICU of the Children's hospital is one of the most advanced newborn intensive care units in China. The survival rate of very low birth weight infants has reached over 90%. Some novel therapies were first introduced in this unit, including the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and the nitric oxide inhalation therapy. The NICU has also played an important role in the implementation of the national training program for NICU personnel from all over the country. Several provincial centres for medical key specialities have been founded under their guidance.

The department of pediatric gastroenterology, founded in 1977, was the first department in China to employ pediatric endoscopy, colonoscopy, gastric motility studies, esophageal pH monitoring, and intestinal biopsy. It is currently recognized as the leading institution in pediatric gastroenterology in China.

The department of pediatric cardiology was founded in 1981. At present, nearly 600 patients annually undergo open heart surgery at this department with a survival rate of 98%, including many technically complicated procedures. Up to now, 1500 intervention therapy operations have been completed, which takes a leading role in the children��s hospitals in China.

The department of hematology/oncology has been treating patients with leukemia and lymphoma since 1972. This department has extensively been involved in laboratory research. Using combination chemotherapy supplemented with immune chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to treat haematological cancerous tumors, many patients have fully recovered.

The Centre of Preventive Pediatric Health Care comprises the clinics for health care, follow-up, vaccination, IQ testing, psychological evaluation and nutritional consultation, as well as a clinic for amblyopic and heterotopic patients. The hospital also carries out epidemiologic investigation, neonatal screening, cerebral palsy rehabilitation, death surveillance and health education, playing a leading role in child health care in the whole province. It has also participated in research projects supported by the National Institute of Health, the UN Children's Foundation, the World Health Organization and the World Population Fund.

The hospital has several well-equipped laboratories, including the Molecular Biology Lab, the Hematology/Oncology Lab, the Immunology Lab and the Chemical Analysis Labs, Neonatal Disease Screening Lab, and Gene Diagnostic Lab. The labs have invested 40,000,000 RMB for the instruments. In 2002, the PCR lab was accredited by the Chinese Ministry of Public Health.

The hospital not only provides high quality medical care, but also plays an important role in various areas of scientific research. The Pediatric Research Institute of Zhejiang University is located in this hospital. The hospital was approved to start a doctoral program in 1986 and a post-doctoral training program in 1999. In the past 5 years, the hospital has completed 200 research projects at different levels; over 30 projects have been honored. Over the past 5 years, 1000 academic papers have been published, 267 of which were published in either first level national journals or in international English journals, and 50 were indexed by SCI. In 2005, the World Journal of Pediatrics has been launched by the hospital, and it is the first pediatric journal published in the English language in China, aiming to promote the international exchange between China and other countries.

For a quality education of medical students, three major teaching sections of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Surgery and Child Health Care have been set up. Every year the hospital organised teaching and clinical practice supported by the Department of Clinical Medicine, the Department of Nursery and the Department of Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang University School of Medicine.

The hospital has also enthusiastically participated in international academic exchanges. Since 1983, the hospital has established academic exchange programs with counterparts in the United States, England, Canada, Japan, Germany and Belgium. Many cooperative projects supported by the UN Children's Foundation, the World Health Organization, the National Institute of Health, and the Canadian-Sino children Fund have achieved good outcomes.

Guang An Men Hospital

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Guang An Men Hospital (GAM)，China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (including the Second Institute of Clinical Medicine), was founded in 1955, affiliated to the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, one of the hospitals directly under the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine（ＴＣＭ） in Beijing. Among the nation’s very best TCM hospitals, it conducts clinical practice, scientific research and teaching, together with specialties in many departments. It was rated as a National TCM Model Hospital in 1994. The national TCM Centers of Cancer, Diabetes and Anorectal Diseases approved by the State Administration of TCM have been located in GAM. It is also a clinical pharmacological research base of Chinese herbs, a designated hospital for AIDS patients receiving TCM treatment, a part of Traditional Medicine Cooperative Center organized by WHO, a training base for those doctors of Western Medicine who want to learn TCM and a clinical teaching place for the students studying in four medical colleges.

In the early stage of the foundation, the Communist Party and Government paid great attention to the development of TCM---a large number of noted specialists in TCM and integration of TCM and Western Medicine were gathered in this hospital. And late premier Zhou Enlai wrote an inscription that is “Develop the rich heritage of traditional Chinese medicine and serve socialist construction”. Having a very good reputation both at home and abroad, GAM has developed into a big general TCM hospital with many specialties, rich technological force, advanced equipment and qualified services through several generations’ staff efforts.

GAM covers an area of 28400 square meters with 86028 square meters of build-up area, 66626 square meters have been applied for medical service. There are 1072 employees, 724 medical staff, including 121 professors and vice professors, and 100 doctors and masters. 4 specialists have been awarded diplomas of “ Albert Einstein World Award of Science ” by World Cultural Council, 4 awarded national outstanding experts, 38 enjoy governmental special allowance, 17 were approved to be tutors of the succession system of teachings from a master to his or her disciples, 83 supervisors to postgraduates and 29 candidates for doctorates. It has one of the postdoctoral scientific research mobile stations.

GAM has 26 clinical departments such as Internal Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology, Orthopedics, Acupuncture, Chinese Massage, Urology, Proctology, ENT, Emergency and an Isolated Dept. for patients with Hepatitis, AIDS etc; 8 Medico-technical Depts. including Pharmacy, Radiology, Nucleus Medicine, Clinical lab, Ultrasonic Diagnosis Dept, Pathology, Function Test and Diet Control Dept. and etc.; 3 basic research rooms that is molecular biological research room, immunological research room and pharmacological research room; 11 clinical research rooms and one standard experimental animal center. Among them, Oncology and Diabetes research rooms are the key research rooms of the State Administration Bureau of TCM. Both of them and Molecular Biological Research Room have been approved as the third grade research room by the State Administration Bureau of TCM. GAM has 649 beds in the inpatient department and the daily outpatients’ visits number around 3900 and has responsibilities to take care of the health of governmental officers and foreign people. As the Capital Model Hospital, the Beijing medical insurance company appointed it as a designated hospital in the first batch. It won the first prize in medical insurance by Beijing Municipal Bureau of Labor and Social Security and Finance Bureau of Beijing in the year 2003-2004. It is the best designated hospital of medical insurance, the qualified unit in medical price and metrology and has the only one metrological qualified herbal pharmacy in Xuan Wu district. It has won the advanced unit and model both in the capital and national civilization building. In 2005, it is appointed as Olympic designated hospital by Chinese Olympic Committee.

GAM has sticked to the characteristics of TCM since the foundation of the hospital and learns widely from the same trade. Diagnoses and treatments of TCM including traditional herbal formulas, acupuncture, Chinese massage, rehabilitation training and medicated bath have been successfully integrated with modern medicine in treating the following diseases: cancers, rheumatism arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, diatetes, hyperthyroidism, nephrosis, geriatrics, digestive system diseases, difficult internal diseases, all kinds of hemorrhoid and fistula, colitis, cataract, pigmentary degeneration of retina, optic nerve atrophy, urinary stone , prostatosis, Leloir’s lupus, psoriasis, eczema, cervical spondylopathy, protrusion of intervertebral disc, all kinds of injury of soft tissues, endometriosis, and children Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome, etc. Qualified medical services have been offered to the patients.

GAM is equipped with enough modern medical instruments such as CT, cobalt-60 therapy unit, 200-1000 mA X-ray，MRI, ultrasonic technicolor doppler, cranial and abdominal ultrasound, bronchoscope, gastroscope, colon scope, holter, electrocardiographic monitoring system, biochemical analyzer, flow cytometer, dynamic examination of urine stream and ESWL. The hemodialysis center has been founded with the advanced blood purifying instruments.

For a long time, guided by the idea of “Scientific technology is the No. one productivity”, GAM has created a new research way for the researchers resulting in a vigorously development in medical scientific studies. Every year, GAM carries out more than 20 national lever research programs, more than 40 ministry lever research programs and more than 70 programs from different resources. Over 170 research programs from “Key Technologies R&D Programme”, “National Nature Science Foundation”, “National New Drug Foundation”, “Ministry of Health” and “State Administration of TCM” have been accomplished since 1980. 155 scientific research achievements have been obtained. Among them, 5 won the State Scientific and Technology Progress Award, 48 were awarded by the Ministry of Health and 86 by China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The couching snaring method for cataract, “Xiao Zhi Ling Injection for late internal or mixed hemorrhoids” and “Hua Yu Niao Shi Tang for urinary stone” have won the State Scientific and Technology Progress Award. 35 have been transferred as scientific research achievements. 7 new drug diplomas have been obtained. GAM can provide qualified clinical trail serves to the new drug development companies.

GAM has developed a series of herbal preparations with remarkable curative effects such as Xiao Zhi Ling Zhu She Ye for hemorrhoid, Jiang Tang Jia Pian for diabetes, Jian Pi Yi Shen Chong Ji for cancers and Wei Yan Jiao Nang, which have been transferred, and others preparations applied within the hospital like Jiang Tang Tong Mai Ning and Tang Wei Kang for diabetes; Xiao Chuan Gao for cough and asthma; Fu Zheng Jie Du Kou Fu Ye, Fei Liu Ping Gao and Xi Huang Jie Du Jiao Nang for cancers; Ke Yin Wan for psoriasis; Wen Dan Ning Xin Ke Li for insomnia; Qi Zhu Ke Li for hepatitis-B and fibrosis of liver; Ruan Jian Xiao Liu Pian; Qian Lie Jian Jiao Nang; Long Bi Xiao Jiao Nang; Niu Xi Jian Bu Ke li, Tou Tong Ting Di Bi Ye, Fu Ke Xiao Liu Wan, Zheng Gu Zi Jin Dan, Ming Mu Xiao Yao Ke Li, Pei Yuan Yi Jing Wan, Si Huang Gao, Shi Zhen Gao, Zhi Yang Run Fu Shuang and etc.
GAM is the team leader of following organizations: Diabetes Committee, Chinese Association of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine; Cancer Committee, Chinese Association of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine; Traditional Medical Committee, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association; TCM Association, Cancer Foundation of China; Urology Committee, Chinese Association of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine; Andrology Committee, Chinese Association of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine and etc.

Being one of the important windows of international medical exchange, GAM receives many foreign people for medical treatments, visits, study and academic exchange. The Guanganmen International has trained more than 1000 acupuncturists. Training programs in different aspects such as acupuncture, Chinese massage, herbal medicine and Qigong are available for the foreign students. In January 2006, “The AIDS Training Program for African Nations’ Governmental Officials” had been successfully held in GAM and obtaining great influence both home and abroad.

After China access to WTO, GAM strengthens the cooperation internationally. It has started its cooperative projects on several subjects of TCM with its foreign partners---Wasada University, Japan; SK, Korea; Tong Shun Hospital, Malaysia; etc. The consultation service for overseas clients through Videoconference system has been offered and the web site has been founded in the Internet.

The opening policy enables GAM to enter into a new stage in its development. A brand new and modern TCM hospital will emerge in the near future as the new master plan has been made with the purchasing 6807 square meters land in 2005. Emphasizing “the strategy of intellectuals, achievements, quality, characteristics and efficacy” as well as cherishing the hope of fully bringing out the potentialities, the staves of GAM are working heart and soul to make their contribution advantageous to improve the health of people and to promote the development of TCM.

West China Hospital,Sichuan University

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The history of the Hospital can be retraced to 1892 when the cheuch missions from Canada, the Great Britain and the United States set up Renji Hospital and Cunren Hospital respectively. In 1914 the School of Medicine in West China Union University was founded and both Renji and Cunren Hospitals became the teaching hospitals. In 1937 when Anti-Japanese war broke up, both hospitals were reconstituted to be the West China, Central and Cheloo tri-university Union Hospital and then moved to the current address. After the success of the war in 1946, the Hospital renamed University Hospital of West China Union University. In 1950 the West China Union University was taken over by the Central Government and the hospital was renamed the Hospital of West China University accordingly. In 1953 after experiencing the regulation of the departments, the West China University was named Sichuan Medical College and the hospital was named the College Hospital of Sichuan Medical College which could be also called “Chuan Yi” in a short form. In 1985, Sichuan Medical college was renamed West China University of Medical Sciences and the hospital was named First University Hospital of West China University of Medical Sciences (WCUMS). In October 2000, Sichuan University and WCUMS were emerged. In may 2001, the hospital was renamed West China Hospital/ West China School of Clinical Medicine of Sichuan University which can be simply called “West China Hospital”.

The hospital covers an area of 21 hectars, owns 300,000 square meters of building for clinical use while its fixed assets arrives at 1.4 billion RMB. The hospital has 3400 beds, which ranks the first in China and the percentage of clinical usage reaches 120%. In 2004 the Outpatient Department treated 1.9 million patients while In-patient Department treated 81,000 patients, 41,000 of whom are operation cases.. The present staff number is 2439, more than 400 of whom are professors and associate professors including one academician in Chinese Science Academy, three special professors involved in “Yangzi River Awards Plan”, the nine persons honored by “National fund of Nature Science for Outstanding Young Scientists”, 89 supervisors for PhD.students, 212 supervisors of Master’s Degree Prograsm. There exists Postdoctorate Program of National Clinical Medicine and Basic Medicine, the doctorate program of first class in clinical medicine, 21 programs leading to Doctorate Degree. The programs leading to Master’s Degree cover all the disciplines in hospital. There is 1 State Laboratory, 1 key laboratory of Ministry of Education (MOE), 2 key disciplines of MOE, 2 disciplines with the national “211” Project, five key programs of Ministry of Health , 4 key disciplines and 5 key laboratories in provincial level respectively. In past five years, the hospital obtained 140 million RMB fund for various scientific and research programs among which 127 million RMB is provided by the national fund. Nine public natural journals of academy are edited and published by the hospital. There are 34 clinical departments, 13 medical technology departments, 12 open laboratories of scientific and research centers and Sichuan International Hospital which faces the whole world.

With the construction during 113 years, especially the high-speed development in the past decade, West China Hospital has become a superior large comprehensive teaching and researching hospital with all medical disciplines, a strong teaching faculty, considerable research facilities and the update medical equipments. The hospital has been ranked among the top hospitals in China since 1990 and is the medical center of sophisticated and severe cases, the center of medical education and the scientific research in Southwest China arranged by MOH and MOE.

Excellent Medical Service and High Quality of Medical technology
Medical Service

There are 3400 beds, 34 clinical departments, 13 medical technology departments in
West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The present staff number 2439, among whom, there are over 400 professors and associate professors. With the purpose of doing good care and excellent service for the patients, the hospital sets up the Senior Experts Consulting Center, 200 special clinics and walk-in clinic without rest at weekend and noon. In order to meet the several needs of public, the hospital also sets up Community Health Center, Medical Center for Tibet public and Golden Card Hospital.

Medical Equipment

There are 3 MRI, 3 Spiral CT, ECT, Electric Gastroentestinal endoscopy, Several kinds of Endoscopies, Radio Frequence Aberration, Linear Accelerator, Automated biochemical analyzer, Colour Doppler, advanced monitoring system for ICU, PRK, X knife stereotactic radio therapy, Cellular knife therapy series in the hospital. The total value of medical equipment costs almost 500 million RMB.

Medical Service Level

With sophisticated medical technology, the comprehensive medical service of the hospital is at a national leader level. Such as combined traditional Chinese and western medicine for treatment of acute necrotic pancreatitis, Surgical treatment for lung cancer, Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of leukemia, allogeneic in situ hepatic transplantation for treatment of severe liver diseases, renal transplantation for treatment of severe renal diseases, laparoscopic total mesorectal excision of low rectal cancer with preservation of anal sphincter, treatment of ocular fundus diseases, Surgical treatment for the complex heart diseases (1000cases/per year), advanced interventional treatment for the complex heart diseases (2500 cases/per year), Surgical treatment for the complex intracranial diseases(2000cases/per year), replantation for limbs( finger, toe), artificial joint-replacement, clinical application of tissue engineering, pectus excavatum, child’s urologic diseases, cellular knife therapy for Parkinson’s disease, biotherapy(immunotherapy, genic therapy)for the cancer, Cochlear implant, Nuclear medical treatment for hyperthyroidism with 131-I, bone cacer with 153-Sm., treatment of diabetes, viral hepatitis, schizophrenia and depression, the diagnosis of clinical laboratory, imaging of CT, MRI. The diagnosis and treatment of several ten special clinics and nearly one hundred diseases have reached high leading levels domestically and, some of which have reached international advanced level.

The secretary of Communist Party Committee of the hospital is Prof. Zheng Shangwei and the Director of the hospital is Prof. Shi Yingkang.

Liaquat national hospital in Karachi

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About us

High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and frequency of health care associated infections (HAI) in Pakistan are a significant cause of concern. Limited awareness about these issues suggests a need for wider discussions.

Pakistan Antimicrobial Resistance Network (PARN) set up in March 2007 in association with the Infectious Diseases Society of Pakistan (IDSP) is a coalition of individuals, organisations and public health agencies concerned about antibiotic resistance and health care associated infections with the specific aim of creating awareness through sharing of information and development of a support group to help address these issues.

The coalition partners include:

National Institute of Health Pakistan

Pakistan Medical Research Council

Aims & Objectives

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Sharing concern and information on AMR and healthcare associated infections.
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Creating awareness through meetings/seminars.
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Provision of advice and sharing protocols and educational material for antimicrobial testing and control of healthcare associated infections.
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Conducting workshops for reducing health care associated infections and updating laboratory methodology. Developing/adapting and recommending treatment guidelines for local use.

Healthcare Associated Infection

Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI) formerly known as Nosocomial Infection has progressively become a disaster in the world of medicine. This problem needs particular attention in view of its impact in terms of extended hospital stay, increased cost burden, increased mortality and above all the quality of life patients suffer afterwards.

HAI is also considered to be a threat to healthcare workers related to exposure at there workplace.

Emergence of multi resistant acinetobacter, escalating spread of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and other antibiotic resistant organisms has brought this issue to further attention. Not only are these organisms resistant to antibiotics and therefore difficult and more expensive to treat but, they may also be associated with characteristics allowing them to spread easily between patients.

It is important to realize that most HAIs are preventable. There are some key measures that can be used to minimize the risk of causing an HAI. These are focused on preventing the transmission of micro-organisms between patients and preventing their introduction during invasive procedures or other treatments. Transfer of micro-organism on the hands of healthcare workers is an important factor, as many micro-organisms are readily transferred by touch. Also an effective surveillance system that monitor the occurrence of HAI can help identify risks of infection and assist healthcare workers to target preventive measures.

The aim of this resource is to:

1. Provide material relevant to infection control which can help people learn and develop policies.

2. Discuss queries and events related to HAI.

3. Share summary information and to signpost access points for further information and resources as useful links.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Since their discovery during the 20th century, antimicrobial agents (antibiotics and related medicinal drugs) have substantially reduced the threat posed by infectious diseases. The use of these "wonder drugs", combined with improvements in sanitation, housing, and nutrition, and the advent of widespread immunization programmes, has led to a dramatic drop in deaths from diseases that were previously widespread, untreatable, and frequently fatal. Over the years, antimicrobials have saved the lives and eased the suffering of millions of people. By helping to bring many serious infectious diseases under control, these drugs have also contributed to the major gains in life expectancy experienced during the latter part of the last century.

These gains are now seriously jeopardized by another recent development: the emergence and spread of microbes that are resistant to cheap and effective first-choice, or "first-line" drugs. The bacterial infections which contribute most to human disease are also those in which emerging and microbial resistance is most evident: diarrhoeal diseases, respira­tory tract infections, meningitis, sexually transmitted infec­tions, and hospital-acquired infections. Some important examples include penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-resistant salmonellae, and multi-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The development of resistance to drugs commonly used to treat malaria is of particular concern, as is the emerging resistance to anti HIV drugs.

Aga Khan University Hospitals

http://yield2me.com/-69453.htm best hostgator coupon site Aga Khan University Hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan and Nairobi, Kenya are philanthropic, not-for-profit, private institutions providing high quality health care. Meeting the highest internationally recognised quality standards in health care, the Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya holds ISO 9001:2000 certification and the Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan holds ISO 9001:2008 certification. The Hospital in Karachi has also been awarded the prestigious Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation. Equipped with state-of-the-art facilities and internationally trained health care professionals, the Hospitals also serve as the principal site for clinical training for the University's Medical College and School of Nursing in Pakistan and East Africa. Indigent patients who visit the Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan can receive financial assistance from the Patient Welfare Programme and zakat assistance from the Patients' Behbud Society.